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If the Central Junta had at one time dissembledthe danger of the country (or ratherpartaken too much of that unreasoning confidencewhich was one characteristic of theSpaniards), they never attempted to conceal itsdisasters, nor to extenuate them. On such occasionstheir language was frank and dignified,becoming the nation which they represented.In announcing the loss of Coruña and Ferrol,they pronounced the surrender of those strongplaces to have been cowardly and scandalous,and promised to condemn the persons who hadthus betrayed their duty, to condign punishment.The enemy meantime failed not to blazonforth their triumphs in this Galician campaign:to represent the battle of Coruña as avictory on their part was a falsehood, which allcircumstances, except those of the action itself,tended to confirm; ... and the results of the campaignhad been so rapid, and apparently socomplete, as to excite their own wonder. ThreeBritish regiments, they said, the 42d, 50th, and52d, had been entirely destroyed in the action,and Sir John Moore killed in attempting to chargeat their head, with the vain hope of restoringthe fortune of the day. The English had lostevery thing which constitutes an army, artillery,9horses, baggage, ammunition, magazines, andmilitary chests. 80 pieces of cannon they hadlanded, they had re-embarked no more than 12.200,000 weight of powder, 16,000 muskets, and2,000,000 of treasure (about 83,000) had falleninto the hands of the pursuers, and treasure yetmore considerable had been thrown down theprecipices along the road between Astorga andCoruña, where the peasantry and the soldierswere now collecting it. 5000 horses had beencounted which they had slaughtered upon theway, ... 500 were taken at Coruña, and the carcassesof 1200 were infecting the streets whenthe conquerors entered that town. The Englishwould have occupied Ferrol and seized the squadronthere, had it not been for the precipitanceof their retreat, and the result of the battle towhich they had been brought at last. Thus thenhad terminated their expedition into Spain! thus,after having fomented the war in that unhappycountry, had they abandoned it to its fate! Inanother season of the year not a man of themwould have escaped; now the facility of breakingup the bridges, the rapidity of the wintertorrents, shortness of days, and length of nights,had favoured their retreat. But they were drivenout of the peninsula, harassed, routed, and disheartened.The kingdom of Leon, the provinceof Zamora, and all Galicia, which they had beenso desirous to cover, were conquered and subdued;and Romana, whom they had broughtfrom the Baltic, was, with the wreck of his army,10reduced to less than 2500 men, wandering betweenVigo and Santiago, and closely pursued....This was the most stinging of all the French reproaches.Wounded to the heart as we werethat an English army should so have retreated,still we knew that wherever our men had beenallowed to face the enemy they had beaten them;and that, however the real history of the battleof Coruña might be concealed from the Frenchpeople, the French army had received a lessonthere, which they would remember whenever itmight be our fortune to encounter them again.But that we should have drawn such a force inpursuit of Romana, who, if he were taken prisoner,would be put to death with the forms ofjustice, by a tyrant who made mockery of justice,was of all the mournful reflections which thisdisastrous expedition excited, the most painfuland the most exasperating.
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When Sir Robert reached Lamego, he therefound information, that a small British detachmentwhich had been stationed in Ciudad Rodrigo,had, in consequence of the approachingdanger, forsaken it. Always hopeful himself,and well aware of what importance it was thatthat position should be maintained, he left histroops, and hastened thither to consult with theJunta. It was a point from which he could actupon that division of the enemy who were thenforcing their way into Extremadura, ... or, co-operatewith any Spanish force that might take thefield from Salamanca. The people, on their part,declared their determination to defend the placeresolutely; his aid, therefore, was accepted asfrankly as it was offered, and the legion accordinglyadvanced from Lamego through acountry almost impracticable at that season.By dint of human exertion, carts and artillerywere drawn up steeps which hitherto had beendeemed inaccessible for carriages. Sometimesmen and officers, breast-deep in the water,dragged the guns through torrents so formidable,that cattle could not be trusted to performthat service. Sometimes, where the carriageswould have floated and have been sweptaway, the wheels were taken off, and they wereslidden over on the foot-bridges. Sometimesthey were hauled along causeways and connectingbridges so narrow, that the wheels rested on107half their fellies upon the stones which were setedge upwards on the verge of the road. It was thefirst march these troops had ever made, but notwithstandingthe severity of such labour, performedat such a season, and during incessantrain, not a man deserted, and there was nostraggling, no murmuring amid all their difficulties:they sung as they went along, andreached their resting-place at night with unabatedcheerfulness.
This revolutionary ardour did not last long. The lightning thrust by Luther caused a conflagration. A movement started among the entire German people. In his appeals against the clergy, in his preaching of Christian freedom, peasants and plebeians perceived the signal for insurrection. Likewise, the moderate middle-class and a large section of the lower nobility joined him, and even princes were drawn into the torrent. While the former believed the day had come in which to wreak vengeance upon all their oppressors, the latter only wished to break the power of the clergy, the dependence upon Rome, the Catholic hierarchy, and to enrich themselves through the confiscation of church property. The parties became separated from each other, and each found a different spokesman. Luther had to choose between the two. Luther, the protégé of the Elector of Saxony, the respected professor of Wittenberg who had become powerful and famous overnight, the great man who was surrounded by a coterie of servile creatures and flatterers, did not hesitate a moment. He dropped the popular elements of the movement, and joined the train of the middle-class, the nobility and the princes. Appeals to war of extermination against Rome were heard no more. Luther was now preaching peaceful progress and passive resistance. (Cf. To the nobility of the German nation, 1520, etc.) Invited by Hutten to visit him and Sickingen in the castle of Ebern, the centre of the noble conspiracy against clergy and princes, Luther replied: "I should not like to see the Gospel defended by force and bloodshed. The world was conquered by the Word, the Church has maintained itself by the Word, the Church will come into its own again through the Word, and as Antichrist gained ascendancy without violence, so without violence he will fall."
Muenzer bad the sermon printed. His Altstedt printer was punished by Duke Johann of Saxony with banishment. His own writings were to be henceforth subjected to the censorship of the ducal government in Weimar. But he paid no heed to this order. He immediately published very inciting paper in the imperial city of Muehlhausen, wherein he admonished the people "to widen the hole so that all the world may see and comprehend who our fools are who have blasphemously turned our Lord into a painted mannikin." He concluded with the following words: "All the world must suffer a big jolt. The game will be such that the ungodly will be thrown off their seats and the downtrodden will rise." As a motto, Thomas Muenzer, "the man with the hammer," wrote the following on the title page: "Beware, I have put my words into thy mouth; I have lifted thee above the people and above the empires that thou mayest uproot, destroy, scatter and overthrow, and that thou mayest build and plant. A wall of iron against the kings, princes, priests, and for the people hath been erected. Let them fight, for victory is wondrous, and the strong and godless tyrants will perish."
There are hundreds of October Revolution-condemnations ceaselessly flowing from the fountain of bourgeois-imperialist intellect. The torrent began since the Revolution, and is going on today as the NYT piece presents the evidence. However, a close scrutiny of all the condemnations including the condemnations/observations cited above uncover two facts: self-contradictions within the statements/observations/claims made; and, the interests the Revolution secured, and the interests the Revolution injured. Thus, class character and historic role of the Revolution is revealed. All condemnations come from the backward interests incapable of moving forward to build a humane society: monarchists, bourgeois, imperialist, big landed/property, finance capital, retrogressive, and similar in the bundle.
A strategy must promote realistic goals that match available resources. While Mr. Biden incurs a torrent of political blame, the onus primarily belongs on previous us administrations of both parties which failed to reconcile expansive ends with limited means. Unbridled aspirations fed grandeurs of state-building in a place hostile to good governance.
If a successful strategy must align ends and means, the ability to project power is only as strong as local conditions allow. The potency of offensive force must not be measured by its lethality or technological sophistication alone. Instead, it also needs to be assessed based on its impact on the society in which troops are used and how they can help achieve desired objectives. In short, projecting power from afar cannot impose order on the ground without sufficient political will and support from the local population. Nowhere is this truer than in Afghanistan, the graveyard of empires.
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